April 14, 2024

As an independent scientist, I'm free to criticize and I can take the time to study inter-related subjects. Scientists at the universities cannot produce significant criticism of science; and they study by looking through a straw, because their time is taken up by too many distractions and they must focus upon extreme technical details.

The carbon dioxide issue shows what happens when scientists try to produce significant criticism. Real scientists tried to explain the errors in carbon dioxide assumptions; but they were shoved out of the process, if not out of science, while know-nothings in journalism and organizations imposed a version of science onto society and disallowed criticism of their claims.

As I was wrapping up my masters work at the University of Arizona, mental pain began. I didn't know what it was or how long it would last. So I went to the University of California at Davis for Ph.D. studies, as I was planning to do. The mental pain was bad in the university environment; so I took courses for one year and got out. I moved onto the vacant farm in South Dakota, where my grandparents used to live, and did mushroom research.

While at Davis, I got into Scientology, which claimed to have the answer to all mind problems. It spins off into spirit power tangents; but it puts together enough simple basics to figure out what is going on with mental pain.

The mental pain is caused by memories of pain which are too close to the surface and contacted by distractions in the environment. The solution is to disconnect from complex social environments. Disconnecting is also required for evaluation of complex, abstract realities.

There is a lot that needs to be done in the area of abstract evaluation. It includes improving knowledge and correcting errors. I do what others are not doing, in science and related social problems, which means putting together a lot of missing pieces of knowledge and correcting errors and corruptions in science and society.

I got into evolution physiology by studying two examples of extreme evolution including a yeast that forms spores outside the cell and a mushroom that evolved from a single-celled yeast a few months ago, emerging from the ground 20 thousand years ago.

I'm probably the only one who calls himself an evolution physiologist. Some evolution physiology exists but is too limited for broader evolution. Evaluating the yeast, Nadsonia fulvescens, and mushroom, Morchella esculenta, involved a lot of evolution physiology; and so it became apparent that there was a lot of missing evolution physiology in science. Large scale evolution was being studied almost exclusively through fossil bones, which was way too limited and resulted in too many erroneous assumptions.

An example is the assumption that human evolution resulted from apes wandered into African savannas and becoming disconnected from the forests. Nothing resembling that happened. Humans evolved along the southwest coast of Africa, as they found shore-birds and sea-creatures which were loaded with zinc.

Zinc strengthens the immune system allowing longer lives. There is very little zinc in herbivore diets. Plants do not use a lot of minerals, because they need to broaden their adaptation to varied environments. But they will absorb anything water soluble through their roots. There is very little zinc in the soil.

What zinc does physiologically is break down foreign matter including bacteria and viruses and spent signal molecules including cytokines. Doing that enzymatically would take quadzillion enzymes which cannot be produced. Zinc is the strongest oxidizing agent that can be handled through routine physiology; and as a metal, it is a catalyst that never gets used up in its reactions, as it donates and accepts electrons from its environment.

What the monkeys did, and humans still do to a slight extent, is use superoxide to break down foreign matter. But using superoxide is very problematic. It takes energy to produce superoxide; and the product must be surrounded by a lipid membrane to keep it from reacting with everything around it. So just when it is needed most, the superoxide runs out; and the monkeys die from the first significant disease that they acquire. So monkeys only live for a few short years.

As some of the monkeys became light carnivores, they acquired more zinc, because such metals accumulate in animals much like mercury accumulates in tuna and swordfish. With the increase in zinc, apes evolved with a longer life-span and stronger bones, because zinc also strengthens bones.

With the large amount of zinc along the coast of southern Africa, the apes extended their life span to that of humans. A long life-span made knowledge important. Even to this day, humans acquire an increased need for knowledge as they get older. It isn't until about age fifty that humans notice that the youngsters would benefit from some of the knowledge acquired through hard knocks and bruises. So getting that knowledge across to youngsters caused human brains to develop. Ancient literature commonly mentions the importance of the elders as being the source of wisdom, because time is required to increase knowledge.

The proof is in the fact that human brains require a different type of essential fatty acid than other types of human cells. When in the jungle, animal cells acquired a need for alpha linolenic acid, which is like a vitamin for the lipid cell walls of animals. But sea-creatures use a slightly different essential fatty acid, usually called omega three fatty acid, because sea algae produce that molecule. So human brains now require the sea-creature type of fatty acid, while the rest of their cells require the forest type of fatty acid. Over time, it became possible for the two types of fatty acids to be transformed into each other, while human brains still require the sea-creature type of essential fatty acid.

An important element of evolution physiology is the modernization of ATP synthesis needed by animals to provide energy for motion. Animals direct their physiology toward ATP synthesis for motion, while plants produce a wider diversity of unusual molecules. So animals get some molecules from plants rather than synthesize them, such as proteins and vitamins.

Animals couldn't evolve, until ATP synthesis was greatly improved over primitive methods. A little ATP was produced in various reactions. Modernized ATP production produces huge amounts of ATP in a highly efficient manner. Mitochondria do that, which scientists realize had to originate from an ancient organism that entered animal cells; but they don't know what type of organism it originally was that evolved into mitochondria.

There are two major requirements for modernized ATP synthesis. One is speeding up the process; and the other is creating a high efficiency process. The process is speeded up by rotating proteins which pick up the reactants—ADP and inorganic phosphate—bring them together and move the products out of the way. Otherwise, everything in a cell moves through diffusion, which is very slow and requires exact positioning of everything to prevent diffusion of molecules from gumming up the works.

The rotating proteins evolved in a bacterium called Pseudomonas fluorescens. That bacterium needed rotating proteins to produce locomotion through two, spinning, polar flagella. About 18 proteins are used to create the rotating motion; and ATP is required. Modern respiration is an exact reverse. It uses about 20 proteins to create rotation and put ATP together. The first type of rotating proteins evolved into the second. There was no way to produce that result from scratch for ATP synthesis, because the evolution would have disrupted the cellular machinery, which requires very exact locations. But the rotating proteins for P. fluorescens evolved along the cell wall and out of the way of the rest of the cell machinery.

There already was flagella to start the process for P. fluorescens, because that bacterium evolved from Vibrio type bacteria in the environment of Cyanobacteria, which was in shallow and polluted water. Vibrios had short flagella covering their surface which vibrated rather than rotated. As some Vibrios evolved for cleaner water, they needed motion to be more rapid to cover more area to find nutrients; so they evolved into P. fluorescens. Then P. fluorescens or a close offshoot entered the cells of animal precursors to become mitochondria and provide ATP in a rapid manner.

Another feature of that process is high efficiency created by the porphyrin ring. Scientists don't know why the porphyrin ring exists. Working with electronics provides the background information.

The porphyrin ring is a type of structure called aromatic in organic chemistry. That means there is a double bond between every other carbon atom in a ring. The ring with such double bonds allows electrons to move linearly around the ring, where electrons would otherwise orbit nuclei. With the usual variation in energy levels of linearized electrons, an electron of just the right amount of energy can move into the ATP molecule creating high efficiency of energy transfer.

Over about a century and a half, biochemists worked out the details of that process, called respiration with oxidative phosphorylation. Then the subject was turned over to "biophysicists" who can't spell biology; and they turned every element of the subject into a mockery of biology and physics. They claim the chemical energy is derived from kinetic energy of the rotating proteins. Nowhere in that concept is a function for the porphyrin ring.

Kinetic energy can never be transformed into chemical energy, because kinetic energy is in the motion of nuclei, while chemical energy is in the motion of orbiting electrons. Nothing can be done to nuclei that influences the energy of the electrons spinning around them beyond nuclear explosions, because electrons move at vastly higher velocity than nuclei. And biophysicists don't know that?

That fraud was part of a pattern of incompetent power mongers taking over a large part of science and replacing the real science with mockeries. Just as Trump and the fascists need to turn government and laws into mockeries and chaos to be winners at promoting stupidity, the same process has been occurring in science out of view of the public.

Another example of the mockery is the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Scientists have known for centuries that the asteroid belt was created by a planet exploding. So a few years ago, physicists said there was no planet that exploded; instead saying the gravity of Jupiter caused rocks to orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter. Gravity doesn't cause something 15 million miles away to orbit some other object.

The significance of that mockery is that is erases the cause of evolution of plants and animals. About 539 million years ago (previously said to be 542 or 543 mya), evolution of plants and animals diversified into complex forms—the result being called the Cambrian Explosion of Life. Scientists don't know why that happened.

The Cambrian Explosion of Life was a result of the planet exploding between Mars and Jupiter. Evolution was being held up by two factors: a depletion of minerals from the oceans and nothing but hard shale covering most of the Earth. The planet exploding fixed those problems.

Minerals were depleted from the oceans early on due to the heavy precipitation that created the vast calcium deposits, such as the dolomite cliffs of England. Animals needed a diversity of minerals for their complex physiology. The planet that exploded dropped those minerals onto the Earth.

Plant evolution couldn't get past the cyanobacteria that evolved for a billion years in shallow, polluted waters, because there was nothing but shale and rocks covering the Earth. The planet that exploded layered clay over the surface of the Earth creating conditions suitable for vascular plants to evolve.

Clay and shale have the same composition but different structures. The formation of the Earth included shale, but not clay. Then a layer of clay covered the Earth to a shallow depth of about 15 inches. That shallow layer says the clay was added after everything else was in place. Why the difference between shale and clay? It might have been that the exploded planet had clay on it; but more likely, the molecules precipitated in the Earth's atmosphere creating the structure of clay.

The frauds had to erase the planet exploding to erase the cause of the Cambrian Explosion of Life. Just as Trump and the fascists need to erase ordered existence to allow incompetent corrupters to dominate our lives, incompetents in science need to erase real science to use fraudulent science as an exploitable power structure which they can dominate.

In 1983 I was reading Science Digest; and an article said astronomers observed masses flying out of quasars at ten times the velocity of light. Other physicists said the result must have been an optical illusion, because relativity says nothing can move faster than the speed of light. So I was wondering why one of Einstein's equations has velocity of light squared, while nothing can move at velocity squared. I found that Einstein paralleled the equation for kinetic energy which has velocity squared within it. I then found that the equation for kinetic energy was wrong and should show velocity unsquared rather than squared. Rockets show the correct relationships.

So I wrote up a brief summary and sent it to about a dozen physics departments including the Jet Propulsion laboratory. I got a response from JPL showing the rocket equations saying the equations balance, so there is no problem. It isn't relevant whether the equations balance; but I could use those equations to mathematically prove that the kinetic energy equation is in error.

Of course, there is no telling physicists that there is mathematical proof of the kinetic energy equation being wrong, when they have produced nothing but errors since Joule's fraudulent experiment of 1845.